Industrial Wastewater Treatment/طرق المعالجة الكيميائية للصرف الصناعى وكل مشاكله

Industrial Wastewater Treatment

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Industrial wastewater treatment involves treating wastewater to make it acceptable for discharge into a river, stream, lake, ocean, etc.

The treatment of industrial wastewater involves the use of various processes and performance chemicals to remove impurities from the water by coagulation, precipitation, flotation, sedimentation, filtration, biological oxidation, chemical oxidation, etc.

Each industry has its specific problems.

The steel, pulp & paper, refining, poultry/meat packing and processing, petrochemical and mining industries represent the largest wastewater generators.

The smaller industries generally discharge their wastewater into the local municipal wastewater treatment plant but in many cases even relatively small industrial plants operate their own wastewater treatment plants.
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The Solution:

Gulbrandsen offers a complete line of chemicals that can be used to remove various impurities from wastewater and solve specific problems associated with Industrial Wastewater Treatment.

The following lists impurities that can be removed and problems that can be solved by using one or a combination of Gulbrandsen's specialty products:

Total Suspended Solids (TSS) removal
Color removal
Fat, Oil and Grease removal
Heavy Metals removal
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) reduction
Total Organic Carbon (TOC) removal
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) reduction
Sludge Dewatering
Hydrogen Sulfide odor control
Improve operational consistency

By clicking onto on of the above you will learn more about the specific products that are used in Industrial Wastewater Treatment Applications.
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Industrial Wastewater Treatment:

Suspended Solids Removal

In both municipal and industrial wastewater treatment applications there are many types of materials that need to be removed.

They can be organic solids, inorganic solids, oils, fats, etc. To remove these solids generally requires a product that has both good coagulating and flocculating capabilities.

the Solution:

Each different solid present in wastewater has its unique characteristics.

it carries a line of specialty products specifically designed to remove wastewater solids.

The products that will best assist you in solids removal are:

Aluminum Chloride Solution
Aluminum Chlorohydrate Solution
Ferric Chloride Solution
Polyaluminum Chloride Solution
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Industrial Wastewater Treatment:

Color Removal

Color in water comes from natural sources resulting from the decaying of leaves or other vegetation.

Color can also come from chemicals in the water resulting from industrial wastewater or agriculture runoff.

Most of the color present in water is soluble and very difficult to remove.

One approach to remove color is to oxidize it with chlorine.

This may reduce the color but it may also generate other organic compounds that also have to be removed from the water.
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the Solution:

it has several products that work well in removing color from water.

In one case they work by absorbing the color in a large voluminous floc.

In another the anionic charge of the color allows the material to be selectively precipitated with an inorganic aluminum polyelectrolyte.

The products that will best assist in TOC removal are:

Aluminum Chloride Solution
Ferric Chloride Solution
Polyaluminum Chloride Solution
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Industrial Wastewater Treatment:

Oil Removal

In industrial wastewater, oils and greases are often removed by flotation.

Sometimes these oils and greases are present in the form of an emulsion.

To separate this type of oil, the emulsion must be broken.

These emulsions are negatively charged and can be readily coagulated and removed by flotation with a strong inorganic coagulant.
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the Solution:
a several inorganic coagulants that are very effective in breaking emulsions and coagulating oils.

They are:

Aluminum Chloride Solution
Ferric Chloride Solution
Polyaluminum Chloride Solution
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Industrial Wastewater Treatment:

TOC, COD and BOD Removal

TOC is the measure of the Total Organic Carbon, COD is the measure of the Chemical Oxygen Demand and BOD is the measure of the Biological Oxygen Demand in wastewater.

These three parameters are used to characterize both municipal and industrial wastewater.

BOD tends to be used more frequently in municipal wastewater treatment, and COD is used more often in industrial wastewater treatment.

In both municipal and industrial wastewater treatment applications there are many types of materials that contribute to TOC, BOD and COD.

They can be organics, inorganics, oils, fats, etc. TOC, BOD and COD can be removed by coagulation and/or filtration when they are in the form of suspended solids.

If they are soluble, then adsorption, biological oxidation or chemical oxidation processes are needed to remove them.

To remove suspended TOC, BOD and COD generally requires product that has both good coagulating and flocculating capabilities.
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the Solution:

Each different solid present in wastewater has its unique characteristics.

it carries a line of specialty products specifically designed to remove wastewater solids.

The products that will best assist you in solids removal are:

Aluminum Chloride Solution
Ferric Chloride Solution
Polyaluminum Chloride Solution
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Industrial Wastewater Treatment:

Sludge Dewatering

In all water/solids separation processes, the solids must be handled and disposed of.

The volume of solids is directly related to the ultimate cost of disposal, and disposal costs are rising as regulations tighten and land values rise.

In cases where dewatering equipment is used to increase the percentage of solids in the sludge, the choice of dewatering chemical will make a significant difference in the results obtained.

The cost of the chemical is small compared to the cost savings of producing smaller sludge volumes through eliminating excess water.

Inorganics like ferric chloride and lime were widely used in the past but lost ground as the technology of organic polyelectrolytes proliferated.

Today, many municipal and industrial accounts are using combinations of organics and inorganics to ensure the best all-around performance.
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the Solution:

a several products that can be used alone, in combinations with lime or in combination with organic polyelectrolytes.

They are:

Ferric Chloride Solution
Organic Polyelectrolytes
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Industrial Wastewater Treatment:

Hydrogen Sulfide Odor Control

In both municipal and industrial wastewater distribution systems and treatment plants hydrogen sulfide gas can form.

This gas, above threshold levels, can cause severe odor problems.

Irons salts in solution will react with the hydrogen sulfide dissolved in water and precipitate a fine suspension of iron sulfide.
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the Solutions:

a several iron salts that readily react with hydrogen sulfide to form iron sulfides.

They are:

Ferric Chloride Solution
Ferrous Chloride Solution
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Industrial Wastewater Treatment:

Improved Operational Consistency

When looking at the use of chemicals for treating water and wastewater one must look at the entire system.

This includes clarification, filtration, disinfection and sludge dewatering.

The products used in the coagulation process have an impact on the operating efficiency of subsequent treatment processes.

A product may work well in one process but cause major problems in another.

As an example you may find a product works well to clarify water but it generates a sludge that is very difficult to dewater.
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the Solutions:

a range of polyaluminum chemicals that are strongly cationic and prehydrolyzed, making them more reactive at lower dosages than conventional coagulants.

Lower dosages generally mean less solids carryover and less sludge generated.

The solids generated when using these polyaluminum chemicals are less voluminous and easier to filter and dewater.

These product attributes translate into a more constant and uniform operation with all interrelated processes.

The products that will best assist you in filtration are:

Aluminum Chlorohydrate Solution
Polyaluminum Chloride Solution
Polyaluminum Chlorosulfate Solution

Aluminum Chloride Solution

Description:

Aluminum Chloride Solution is a concentrated metal salt solution ranging from 15-28% aluminum chloride.

The aluminum concentration, expressed as Al2O3, is 10.5%.

Aluminum Chloride Solution is available in different product grades depending upon the application:

Flocculant Grade is used for wastewater treatment applications.

This product grade is less concentrated than other grades of Aluminum Chloride Solution and may contain minor amounts of impurities that can alter visual appearance and odor.

Technical Grade is a full strength product of very good quality.

It is suitable for almost all applications, except those where very low levels of iron are required.

Technical Grade Aluminum Chloride Solution is available with NSF approval for drinking water treatment.

Water white Grade is a full strength product, similar to tech grade except for very low levels of iron. The iron (Fe) content of Water white grade is < 1%

Typical Applications and Benefits:

Aluminum Chloride Solution is an excellent source of Al3+ ions where the application demands a strong inorganic cationic metal salt.

The applications where Aluminum Chloride Solution is often the product of choice are:

Municipal and Industrial Wastewater Treatment
- TSS (Total Suspended Solids) removal
- Fat, Oil & Grease (FOG) removal in food industry effluent treatment
- Phosphate removal
- COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) reduction in industrial wastewater treatment
- BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand) and TOC (Total Organic Carbon) removal in municipal wastewater treatment
- Sludge dewatering in both municipal and industrial wastewater treatment
Municipal and Industrial Water Treatment
- Color removal
- Turbidity removal
- TOC (Total Organic Carbon) reduction
Pulp and Paper - On Machine
- Size bonding agent
- Anionic trash scavenger
- Retention and drainage aid
- Pitch control
Adhesives/Glue

Aluminum Chlorohydrate

Description:

Aluminum Chlorohydrate Solution (ACH) is a highly concentrated solution of polyaluminum hydroxychloride.

It is characterized by having the highest aluminum concentration (23% Al2O3) of any commercially available aluminum based solution.

The basicity of ACH at 83% is also the highest available for any polyaluminum based solution.

Basicity refers to the degree of acid neutralization and also represents a measure of how highly polymerized the aluminum in ACH is.

The highly polymerized aluminum species in ACH have much higher cationic charges than the aluminum in standard salts such as alum or aluminum chloride, and even other polyaluminum products.

Therefore, ACH can offer both a higher level of performance and lower overall dosages.

The high degree of acid neutralization (basicity) also means that the effect on pH when applying ACH will be negligible. ACH also effectively coagulates over a broader pH range (as high as 9.5) versus traditional metal salts and lower basicity Pacl.

Applications and Benefits:

Municipal and Industrial Water Treatment

Aluminum Chlorohydrate Solution is generally employed as the primary coagulant in potable water and industrial water treatment plants, replacing the need for other coagulants such as alum, and in many cases also eliminating or at least greatly reducing the need for pH adjustment chemicals, coagulant aids and filter aids. ACH is often employed in an environment where the pH of the receiving stream is higher than 7.5.

Consistently recognized benefits of converting to Aluminum Chlorohydrate Solution are:
- Improved turbidity removal
- Improved color removal
- Increased TOC (Total Organic Carbon) removal
- Lower filter turbidities
- Increased filter run length
- Sludge reduction of over 50%
- Simplified operations by eliminating pH and secondary polyelectrolyte feed
- Lower overall treatment costs
Municipal and Industrial Wastewater Treatment
Aluminum Chlorohydrate Solution is also used in wastewater treatment applications for:
- TSS (Total Suspended Solids) removal
-Metals removal
-Phosphate removal
- COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) reduction in industrial wastewater treatment
- BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand) and TOC (Total Organic Carbon) removal in municipal wastewater treatment
Pulp and Paper - On Machine
Aluminum Chlorohydrate Solution is also used in several on machine applications as a:
- Size bonding agent
- Anionic trash scavenger
- Retention and drainage aid
- Pitch control additive

Ferric Chloride Solution

Description:

Ferric Chloride Solution is a concentrated mineral acid solution ranging from 30-45%ferric chloride.

Typical Applications and Benefits:

Ferric Chloride Solution is an excellent source of Fe3+ ions where the application demands a strong inorganic cationic metal salt.

The applications where Ferric Chloride Solution is often the product of choice are:

Municipal and Industrial Wastewater Treatment
- Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) gas and odor reduction
- TSS (Total Suspended Solids) removal
- Phosphorous removal
- COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) reduction
- BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand) and TOC (Total Organic Carbon) removal
- Sludge dewatering
Municipal and Industrial Water Treatment
- Color removal
- Turbidity removal
- TOC (Total Organic Carbon) reduction
Printed Circuit Boards
- Copper etchant

Polyaluminum Chloride Solution

Description:

Polyaluminum Chloride Solution represents a series of products ranging in the degree of acid neutralization, polymerization and Al2O3 concentration.

As the acid is neutralized in the manufacturing process, the aluminum portion of the product becomes more polymerized, resulting in higher cationic charge and increased performance capabilities. The degree of acid neutralization is measured by basicity.

Basicity can range from 0% (aluminum chloride solution) to 83% (aluminum chlorohydrate solution).

Typically available Polyaluminum Chloride solution products have basicities ranging from 10-70%.

Typical Applications and Benefits:

The Polyaluminum Chloride Solution product line offers a broad range of formulations that have unique performance characteristics when compared to the more conventional products like alum, aluminum chloride, ferric chloride, ferric sulfate, etc.

The applications where Polyaluminum Chloride Solution is often the product of choice are:

Municipal and Industrial Water Treatment

Polyaluminum Chloride Solution is often employed as the primary coagulant in potable water and industrial water treatment plants, replacing the need for other coagulants such as alum, and in many cases also eliminating or at least greatly reducing the need for pH adjustment chemicals, coagulant aids and filter aids. Consistently recognized benefits of converting to a Polyaluminum Chloride are:

- Improved turbidity removal
- Improved color removal
- Increased TOC (Total Organic Carbon) removal
- Lower filter turbidities
- Increased filter run length
- Sludge reduction of 25-75%
- Simplified operations by eliminating pH and secondary polyelectrolyte feed
- Lower overall treatment costs
Municipal and Industrial Wastewater Treatment
Polyaluminum Chloride Solution is also used in wastewater treatment applications for:
- TSS (Total Suspended Solids) removal
- Phosphate removal
- COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) reduction in industrial wastewater treatment
- BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand) and TOC (Total Organic Carbon) removal in municipal wastewater treatment
Pulp and Paper - On Machine
Polyaluminum Chloride Solution is used extensively in several on machine applications as a:
- Size bonding agent
- Anionic trash scavenger
- Retention and drainage aid
- Pitch and stickies control additive

Organic Polymers

General Description:

Organic Polymers are used in a wide variety of municipal and industrial applications. Organic Coagulants are used to enhance the coagulation, flocculation and removal of impurities in water, many of which require NSF certification for use in potable water systems.

Use and Benefits in Water Treatment

Water soluble polymers, polyquatenary amines, polydadmacs, etc. are supplied in easy to use solution forms.

They are highly efficient contributors of cationic charge and molecular weight when applied in specific applications.

The process of coagulation is made highly efficient by the proper application of chemistry and dosage.

Organic Coagulants are used most efficiently in combination with inorganic coagulants such as polyaluminum chloride and other aluminum and iron salts. Depending on the specific chemistry of the target water, polymer use can vary from as little as 5% of the total coagulant dosage (inorganic + organic) to as much as 100% in cases where total organic use is indicated.

General Benefits are:

Broad pH and Alkalinity performance window
Comparative low use volumes, ordering, storage, etc.
Minimize sludge volumes
Reduce overall treatment costs
Denser floc structure for improved sedimentation rates
Floc structure lends to easier and less costly sludge dewatering
Settled and finished water turbidity reduction
Reduce suspended solids and filter loading
Longer filter life
Reduce total soluble metal addition

Laboratory Use

Stock solutions of 1% by weight: weigh 1 gram of polymer in a dry screw-topped bottle, add 99 mls of good quality water and shake vigorously for 20-30 seconds.

One milliliter of this solution added to a one-liter test water sample yields a dosage of 10 milligrams per liter.

A further dilution down to 0.1% of stock solution (10 milliliters of 1% stock solution + 90 milliliters of water) will allow lower dosage aliquots where 1 ml = 1mg/l. Fresh stock solution should be prepared for each testing session, minimum once/day.

Plant Solution Preparation

Most Organic Coagulants can be fed either neat or diluted as best suited for the specific application and plant.

Dilution can be easily achieved by using an in-line static mixer or simple tank and mixer apparatus. Solution concentrations of 1% to 10% are typically recommended.

Solution holding times of less than 24 hours should be observed, however depending on make-up water quality.

Application points for the products are optimized where good mixing is achieved.

The general rule-of-thumb is to feed organic polymers as far back in the system as possible. If dilution water is used it should be of the highest quality available.

Ferrous Chloride Solution

Description:

Ferrous Chloride Solution is a concentrated mineral acid solution ranging from 22-30% ferrous chloride. The empirical formula is Fe2+ + 2Cl-.

Typical Applications and Benefits:

Ferrous Chloride Solution is an excellent source of Fe2+ ions where the application calls for an oxidizable inorganic metal salt.

The applications where Ferrous Chloride Solution is often the product of choice are:

Municipal and Industrial Wastewater Treatment
- Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) gas and odor reduction
- Phosphate removal in aerobic wastewater treatment systems
BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand) and TOC (Total Organic Carbon) removal in aerobic wastewater treatment systems
Note: Ferrous Chloride does not provide traditional coagulating functions.

Polyaluminum Chlorosulfate Solution

Description:

Polyaluminum Chlorosulfate Solution is a polymerized aluminum compound containing both chloride (Cl-) and sulfate (SO42-). The basicity (degree of acid neutralization) is 50%, resulting in only minimal impact on the pH of the receiving water.

The chemistry of this solution is such that it produces a very rapid forming and settling floc. PAC works very well in extreme conditions such as low temperature, low alkalinity, and physically challenged plants, where only a minimal amount of mixing and/or settling time is possible.

Polyaluminum Chlorosulfate Solution Product Line is NSF approved and meets AWWA standards for municipal and industrial drinking water applications.

Typical Applications and Benefits:

The Polyaluminum Chlorosulfate Solution product line offers a broad range of products that have unique performance characteristics when compared to the more conventional coagulants like alum, aluminum chloride, ferric chloride, ferric sulfate, etc.

The applications where Polyaluminum Chlorosulfate Solution is often the product of choice are:

Municipal and Industrial Water Treatment

Polyaluminum Chlorosulfate Solution is often employed as the primary coagulant in potable water and industrial water treatment plants, replacing the need for other coagulants such as alum, and in many cases also eliminating or at least greatly reducing the need for pH adjustment chemicals, coagulant aids and filter aids.

The benefits of this Polyaluminum Chlorosulfate Solution Product Line are most apparent when used in difficult treatment conditions; low temperature, low raw turbidities and low alkalinity, but can be effective in all types of waters.

Consistently recognized benefits of converting to Polyaluminum Chlorosulfate Solution are:
- Improved turbidity removal
- Improved color removal
- Increased TOC (Total Organic Carbon) removal
- Lower filter turbidities
- Increased filter run length
- Sludge reduction of over 25-75%
- Simplified operations by eliminating pH and secondary polyelectrolyte feed
- Lower overall treatment costs
- Increase treatment plant through put rate

Municipal and Industrial Wastewater Treatment Polyaluminum Chlorosulfate Solution is also used in wastewater treatment applications for:
- TSS (Total Suspended Solids) removal
- Enhanced Solids Setting
- Phosphate removal
- COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) reduction in industrial wastewater treatment
- BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand) and TOC (Total Organic Carbon) removal in municipal wastewater treatment

Pulp and Paper - On Machine
Polyaluminum Chlorosulfate Solution is used extensively in several on machine applications as a:
- Size bonding agent - Anionic trash scavenger
- Retention and drainage aid
- Pitch and stickies control additive