حمامات السباحة(انواعها/مشاكلها/تشخيص مشاكلها/طرق معالجتها)/Swimming Pool Water

Swimming Pool Water

– Background Information

There are many different types of indoor and outdoor swimming pools, each with varying function, size, shape and temperature:

Play Pools

– This type of pool is usually rather shallow, reaching no more than 5 feet in depth. Their main purpose is leisure; they are often used for relaxation, water sports and swimming laps.

Diving Pool

– This type of pool is usually greater than 8 feet in depth. They can be a safety hazard so must be constructed well and built to specific standards.

Freeform Pool

– This type of pool is often built with rock features to give a natural feel. They are popular for relaxation purposes and are built to impersonate haven surroundings.

Lap Pool

– This type of pool is usually long and narrow in shape and is purpose built for swimming exercise.

Jacuzzis

– This type of pool is shallow and is made for massage and relaxation purposes. They use warm water and jets to give a restful experience.

Each pool type may differ in water cleaning and disinfection mechanisms.

Some pools have a water purification system that recycles the water; these are known as circulation pools.

Other types of swimming pool constantly refresh the water within it, these are recirculation pools.

Most public swimming pools use the method of recirculation to refresh the pools water content.

موضوع: Swimming Pool Contaminants الأحد مارس 25, 2012 4:49 pm

Swimming Pool Contaminants

There are many contaminants that can pollute your swimming pool.

Some can cause human illness or skin irritations, others can cause discolouration of the water or unwanted odours but are not harmful to human health:

Microorganisms

– There are many different types of microorganisms that can be pathogenic to humans or result in discolouration of the water and produce unwanted odours.

Microorganisms include bacteria, viruses, algae, parasites and many more.

They often enter the water from people using the pool as they are present on the skin, in hair, sweat and saliva.

Contamination of microorganisms is most likely to be a problem in shallow, circulation pools.

Algae contamination is often a problem in swimming pools and can cause many problems if the water is not filtered and cleaned correctly.

Dissolved pollutants

– There are many substances produced by the swimmer, sweat for example contains salt, amino acids and urea.

When these substances react with the disinfectants in the water it can produce unwanted by-products. These often cause discolouration of pool water or give unwanted odours, they are not usually harmful to human health.

موضوع: Swimming Pool Problems الأحد مارس 25, 2012 4:56 pm

Swimming Pool Problems

It is very difficult to make one definite diagnosis when faced with symptoms of
swimming pool water problems.

You should use other evidence when considering
what to do (e.g. test results) and go with the one you think is most likely.

Symptom : Black Spots

Diagnosis

These are caused by black algae.

Cure

Unfortunately, black algae is very tenacious and will require quite a bit of
effort to remove. For minor problems, try persistant brushing combined with a
good black algaecide. You will also need to clean the filter thoroughly.

If
the problem is more major, you may need to drain the pool and chlorine wash.

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Symptom : Cloudy / Milky Discolouration

Diagnosis (1)

Dirt or bather pollution in water suggesting inadequate filtration

Cure (1)

Backwash the filter and raise free chlorine levels to around 10 parts per
million using unstabilised chlorine. Polish water by adding a clarifier
.
Diagnosis (2)

You are using stabilised chlorines and there is too much stabiliser in the
water.

This causes the chlorine to take longer to kill micro-organisms and so
they build up and give a haziness to the water.

Cure (2)

Lower levels of stabiliser by replacing some of the water – either by performing
an extra large backwash or by draining to waste. Then top up with fresh mains
water.

Superchlorinate by raising free chlorine levels to around 10ppm using
unstabilised chlorine.

Diagnosis (3)

The filter is ineffective or has become blocked.

Cure (3)

Check the sand and replace if necessary (or get your dealer to do this.) If the
sand particles have become coated in calcium (this happens mainly in hard water
areas), the filter is not blocked and everything else seems fine, sharpen the
sand with a filter cleanser.

Diagnosis (4)

Fine suspended particles in water that are formed as dissolved hardness salts
transform to small solid particles by a process called precipitation.

This is
probably a result of a high pH or alkalinity
.
Cure (4)

Lower the pH using dry acid until an adequate reading is obtained.

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Symptom : Cloudy Green

Diagnosis

Algae is present in the water. This suggests that chlorine levels have dropped
too low or it has become ineffective.

Cure

Shock dose with unstabilised chorine to kill the algae (10ppm for green tints,
25ppm if the bottom of the pool is not visible.) Brush off remaining algae on
pool surface (including underwater lighting and step ladders.) Wait 24 hours.
Backwash filter to clear out dead algae.

Use water clarifier to remove haziness.
Prevention

Maintain chlorine levels at around 3 ppm. Use an algicide (or chlorine with
added algicide) regularly if algae becomes a big problem.

If you are using stabilised chlorine and testing indicates adequate levels of
chlorine but you are still getting algae, see Diagnosis 2 above

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Symptom : Rusty red coloured water

Diagnosis

Pipes or other steel/iron-containing fittings in the circulation system are
being corroded by a high water acidity (low pH level.) The corroded particles
are then oxidised by chlorine shock doses and this causes rust.

Cure

Act quickly to prevent the liner being stained and other damage.

Contact your
pool dealer / installer and see whether you can drain down and replace the water
all at once or whether you need to use progressive dilution.

Use a good liner
and tile cleaner to remove any rust stains.
Prevention

Replace the offending metal fittings with PVC or copper. Ensure that the water
has a pH and total alkalinity level within recommended limits.

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Symptom : Sore throat, skin irritation and stinging eyes.

Diagnosis (1)

The pH level of the water is too high (alkaline) or too low (acidic).

Cure (1)

Aim for a pH of around 7.4. Use dry acid to lower the pH or soda ash to raise
the pH.

Diagnosis (2)

High levels of combined chlorine (chloramines). An unpleasant “chlorine” smell
tends to accompany this problem. Perform a DPD no3 test and check the results.

Cure (2)

Superchlorinate the pool (up to 10ppm free chlorine) in order to break down the
chloramines.
Prevention (2)

Ensure that combined chlorine forms no more than 1/3 of the total chlorine in
the pool.

Diagnosis (3)

You are using a detergent that is not chlorine compatible, for example to remove
tide-marks or to clear pool sides. Some detergents react with the chlorine and
these reactions can cause irritation to the skin and eyes.

Traces of soaps and
shampoos (from bathers) can cause similar reactions.

Superchlorinate to ensure that all of the detergent(s) has/have reacted away.
Prevention (3)

Switch to cleaners that are compatible with chlorine or clean manually.

Diagnosis (4)

You are using the pool whilst sweaty or wearing makeup. Perspiration and
cosmetics both contain nitrogenous compounds which react with free chlorine.
Prevention (4)

Have a thorough wash or shower before entering the pool.
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Symptom : Tinted or blonde hair turns a green colour after swimming.

Diagnosis

Levels of copper in the pool are too high. It may be that the water is too
acidic (low pH) and that this is corroding the fittings of the heater.
Alternatively you may be over-using algicides that are copper-based.

Cure

Your local pharmacist should be able to recommend a shampoo to restore the
hair’s original colour
Prevention

Use copper-based algicides more sparingly. Raise the pH of the water using soda ash.

موضوع: Water Treatment Processes الأحد مارس 25, 2012 5:01 pm

Water Treatment Processes

Swimming pool water undergoes a number of purification processes in order to get
it clean.

There are different methods available to purify your swimming pool
water:

Physical Methods

Screens

– These are used to filter the water and are usually used at the beginning of the purification process. They remove solid particles from the water and their shape depends on which particles they have been designed to filter.

Sand Filtration

– The filter in this case is made of a multiple layer of sand that varies in size. When the water flows through the sand, solid particles are filtered out. Many particles are not filtered out using this method, so secondary filtration is often required.

Cross Flow Filtration

This method uses a permeable membrane to filter out salts and some dissolved matter.

There are several membrane filtration methods depending on the contaminant that is to be removed from the water:

Microfiltration

– This type of filtration is designed to remove very small particles from the water that range in size from 0.1 to 1.5 microns. It is able to filter out suspended matter and some microorganisms.

Ultrafiltration

– This type of filtration removes even smaller particles from the water that range in size from 0.005 to 0.1 microns. Not only does it remove suspended particles but it can remove other smaller substances such as salts and proteins.

Nanofiltration

– This type of filtration removes particles from the water that range in size from 0.0001 to 0.005 microns. This means it is effective at filtering out viruses, herbicides and pesticides from the water.

Reverse Osmosis

– This type of filtration is effective at removing the smallest of particles with a size of up to 0.001 microns. It can remove metal ion particles and dissolved salt.

Chemical Methods

There are many different methods of purifying swimming pool water using chemicals:

Chemical Addition

– You can add certain chemicals to your pool water to combat specific problems. You can add chelating agents to prevent hard water problems. Oxidising agents are effective at killing certain microorganisms and reducing agents can be added to neutralise the oxidising agents to prevent harm to humans.

They prevent erosion of purification membranes and neutralise substances such as chlorine and ozone.

Clarification

– This process removes suspended solids through a number of different processes. Coagulants are first added to reduce ion charges, causing smaller particles to stick together to create bigger ones.

These larger particles are then removed through a gravity filter. This method is effective at removing large particles but may not filter out all of them, further treatment may be needed.

Deionisation and softening

– Ion exchange systems absorb certain anions and cations in order to deionise the water.

The cations and anions are replaced by counter-ions until the tank is saturated with ions.

The ion-exchanging device then needs to be regenerated with the use of certain chemicals.

Water softeners are often used as ion exchangers; they work by removing calcium and magnesium ions from the water, and then replaces them with positively charged ions. This reduces the hardness of the water.

Disinfection

Disinfectants are used to kill any remaining microorganisms in the water; it is an important process of water treatment as it can prevent pathogenic microorganisms from causing human disease.

There are many ways to disinfect your pool water:

Chlorine disinfection

– Chlorine is capable of killing many microorganisms, but when it reacts with substances that may be present in the water, dangerous carcinogenic chemicals may be formed.

This problem can be overcome by using chlorine dioxide which is effective at low concentrations.

Ozone disinfection

– This type of disinfection works by using oxygen atoms to destroy particles through oxidisation.

This is an effective method to kill microorganisms and is not harmful to human health.

UV-radiation

– This type of disinfection is growing in popularity. It is more natural in its way of killing microorganisms as it uses UV rays to kill germs.

Biological Methods

Water purification can also be done biologically using microorganisms such as bacteria. These microorganisms decompose organic matter within the water and therefore reduce the amount of organic suspended matter. There are two types of treatment that use either anaerobic or aerobic bacteria.

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